Selasa, 29 Desember 2009

HISTOLOGI SISTEM DIGESTORIA

SISTEM DIGESTORIA


Sistem pencernaan terdiri atas
- Saluran pencernaan: mulai dan carom oris sampai anus
- kelenjar pencernaan: ya to glandula salivarii, hepar dan pancreas.
Fungsi sistem pencernaan adalah memproses makanan agar menjadi nutrien yang dapat diserap oleh sel mukosa usus. Nutrien ini selanjutnya diproses untuk sintesis senyawa bagi
- bahan pertuiubuhan sel dan jaringan
- bahan regenerasi sei dan jaringan
- pembentukan hormon dan enzim.
Sebelum makanan dapat diserap di mukosa usus, maka makanan hares
l. Dipecah secara mekanis, sehingga menjadi partikel yang lebih kecil
2. Dipecah secara kimiawi dengan bantuan enzim sehingga menjadi molekul yang dapat
diserap oleh set mukosa usus, misainya
- molekul polisacharid dirubah menjadi monosacharid
- molekul leiuak dinzbah menjadi asam lemak dan monogliserid - molekul protein dirubah menjadi asam amino.
Agar supaya sistem pencernaan dapat melaksanakan togas tersebut di atas, maka secara struktural sistem pencernaan hares memiliki kelengkapan bagi 1. togas pencernaan secara mekanik, yang berupa
a. koinponen yang keras, misalnya gigi
b. komponen yang motorik, m salnya stratum muskulare
2. togas pencernaan secara kimiawi, yang berupa sel atau kelenjar yang menghasilkan enzim a#au hormon sehingga system _pencernaan dapat memecah molelcul nutrien menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil secara kimiawi.


TRACTUS DIGESTIVUS
Saluran pencernaan ini memanjang dari mulct sampai anus (dubur). Kecuali rongga mulct, pads prinsipnya tabung mempunyai Binding dengan pola struktur umum yang sama.
Dari arah lumen ke luar, lapisan penyusun Binding adalah:
tunics mucosa, dilengkapi dengan
• epithelium.
• lamina propria.
• lamina muscularis mucosae
tela submucosa.
tunics muscularis, tersusun oleh
• stratum circulare : tersusun melingkar I aksis organ
* stratum longitudinale : tersusun membujur 1 i aksis organ
- tunics serosa atau berupa tunics adventitia: jaringan ikat fibres.
Pola umum inengalami variasi, sesuai dengan peranan tractus pencernaanvus.

A. CAVITAS OBIS
1. Labium. Bibir tersusun oieh
a. pays cutanea, Serupa kulit, lapisan luar berupa epithelium squamosum stratificatum cornificatum dengan glandula sudorifera dan glandula sebacea. b. pays intermedia, lapisan transisi,
c. pars rubra, berwarna merah karena
- banyak kapiler darah yang berwarna merah
- papila corli tinggi, sehingga kapiler darah terletak dekat permukaan mukosa
- sel lapisan mukosa mengandung eleidin, sehingga inenyebabkan tunica mucosa transparan
d. pars mucosa dengan epithelium squamosum stratificatum noncornificatum. 2. Lingua. Lidah tersusun oleh :
a. membrana mucosa, seluas 2/3 bagian muka lidah, membrana mucosa melipat -
lipat, terdiri atas epithelium dan .lamu3a propria. Sesuai bentuknya dikenal :
- papilla filiformis, banyak ditemukan diseluruh permukaan lidah, berbentuk
seperti jar tanpa indera pengecap.
- papilla fungifo37nis, serupa jamur payung, dengan indera pengecap.
- papilla vallata, sangat besar dengan permukaan rata yang menyembul sebagai vallum papillae. Papilla dikitari sulcus papillae, yang terisi cairan sekret, sehingga zat kimia di dalamnya dapat dikecap oleh indera pengecap yang banyak dijumpai, menempati dinding lateral papilla.
- papilla foliata, berpadatan sepanjang pinggir lateral belakang lidah. Papilla berbentuk daun, terdiri atas folium papillae dan sulcus papillae. Memiliki banyak indera pengecap.
Gemma qustatoria adalaJ3 indera pengecap, berbentuk kuntuIll pada papillae lingualis tertentu (lihat atas).
Susunan gemma gustatoria, ialah :
- porus gustatorius di bagian puncak, yang memungkinkan cairan di sekitar gemma mencapai sel indera.
- epitheiiocytus sensonus, sel indera mi dilengkapi dengan ujung saraf pengecap dan microvillus.
- epitheliocytus sustentans, sel penunjang.
- epitheliocytus basaiis.
Kalau membrana mucosa di permukaan atas lidah bersifat kasar karena memiliki papillae lingualis, maka membrana mucosa di permukaan bawah lidah bersifat licin.
b. tunica muscularis. Otot lidah bersifat seran lintang, menempati lidah antara mucosa bawah dan atas. (Lihat: Anatomi mikroskopik). 3. Dens atau gigi
Makroskopis gigi terdiri atas corona dentis (mahkota), radix dentis (akar gigi), dan cervix dentis (leher gig]).

Odontogenesis (perkembangan gigi)
Gigi berasal dari 2 jenis jaringan embrional :
- ectoderma: membentuk organum enamelum yang akan mensekresi enamelum.
- mesodesina: membentuk bagian lain gigi dan struktur penunjang gigi termasuk
jaringan ikat pulpa dentis dan dentinum. Mesoderiua yang mengitari papilla
dentalis (yang akan menjadi pulpa) membentuk cementurn. Dikenal 3 tahap/status perkembangan :
a Status gemmalis atau tahap kuntum.
Epitel rongga mulut embrio berusia minggu IV (in utero) atau ukuran panjang i 1 mm, tersusun oleh:
- lamina superficialis: sel-sel pipih.
- lamina basalis: sel-sel lebih tinggi.
- membrana basalis.

c. pars rubra, berwarna merah karena
- banyak kapiler darah yang berwarna merah
- papila corli tinggi, sehingga kapiler darah terletak dekat permukaan mukosa
- sel lapisan mukosa mengandung eleidin, sehingga inenyebabkan tunica mucosa transparan
d. pars mucosa dengan epithelium squamosum stratificatum noncornificatum. 2. Lingua. Lidah tersusun oleh :
a. membrana mucosa, seluas 2/3 bagian muka lidah, membrana mucosa melipat -
lipat, terdiri atas epithelium dan .lamu3a propria. Sesuai bentuknya dikenal :
- papilla filiformis, banyak ditemukan diseluruh permukaan lidah, berbentuk
seperti jar tanpa indera pengecap.
- papilla fungifo37nis, serupa jamur payung, dengan indera pengecap.
- papilla vallata, sangat besar dengan permukaan rata yang menyembul sebagai vallum papillae. Papilla dikitari sulcus papillae, yang terisi cairan sekret, sehingga zat kimia di dalamnya dapat dikecap oleh indera pengecap yang banyak dijumpai, menempati dinding lateral papilla.
- papilla foliata, berpadatan sepanjang pinggir lateral belakang lidah. Papilla berbentuk daun, terdiri atas folium papillae dan sulcus papillae. Memiliki banyak indera pengecap.
Gemma qustatoria adalaJ3 indera pengecap, berbentuk kuntuIll pada papillae lingualis tertentu (lihat atas).
Susunan gemma gustatoria, ialah :
- porus gustatorius di bagian puncak, yang memungkinkan cairan di sekitar gemma mencapai sel indera.
- epitheiiocytus sensonus, sel indera mi dilengkapi dengan ujung saraf pengecap dan microvillus.
- epitheliocytus sustentans, sel penunjang.
- epitheliocytus basaiis.
Kalau membrana mucosa di permukaan atas lidah bersifat kasar karena memiliki papillae lingualis, maka membrana mucosa di permukaan bawah lidah bersifat licin.
b. tunica muscularis. Otot lidah bersifat seran lintang, menempati lidah antara mucosa bawah dan atas. (Lihat: Anatomi mikroskopik). 3. Dens atau gigi
Makroskopis gigi terdiri atas corona dentis (mahkota), radix dentis (akar gigi), dan cervix dentis (leher gig]).

Odontogenesis (perkembangan gigi)
Gigi berasal dari 2 jenis jaringan embrional :
- ectoderma: membentuk organum enamelum yang akan mensekresi enamelum.
- mesodesina: membentuk bagian lain gigi dan struktur penunjang gigi termasuk
jaringan ikat pulpa dentis dan dentinum. Mesoderiua yang mengitari papilla
dentalis (yang akan menjadi pulpa) membentuk cementurn. Dikenal 3 tahap/status perkembangan :
a Status gemmalis atau tahap kuntum.
Epitel rongga mulut embrio berusia minggu IV (in utero) atau ukuran panjang i 1 mm, tersusun oleh:
- lamina superficialis: sel-sel pipih.
- lamina basalis: sel-sel lebih tinggi.
- membrana basalis.

Karena sel lamina basalis membiak lebih cepat terjadilah peninggian memanjang pada rahang : lamina dentalis (anal dari ectoderma). Pads lamina ini terjadi 10 bush penonjolan sebagai kuntum gigi : Gemma dentalia.
b. Status cappalis atau tahap topi.
Pads puncak lzuntum gigi terjadi lekukan. Kimtum berbentuk seperti topi epithelium enamelum externum : di bagian luar, yang konveks : sel selapis rendah.
epithelium enamelum internum : di bagian konkaf : sel selapis tinggi.
diantara kedua-dua epitel ada sel-sel seperti bintang, membentuk reticulum stellatum atau pulps enameli dengan bahan mukoid, kaya albumin antara sel. jaringan mesoderma ke permukaan membentuk papilla dentalis. Set permukaan papilla mi membesar menjadi dentinoblastus atau odontoblastus. Puncakpapilia dentalis menjadi organwn enamelum.
Bagian lust organum ini dan papilla dentalis dikitari jaringan mesoderma lebih padat disebut sacculus dentalis. Terjadilah bibit gigi : germen dentis yang berupa primordial gigi, papilla dentalis dan sacculus dentalis.
c. Status campanalis atau tahap lonceng gereja Lekukan di puncak bibit gigi makin
mendalam dan dinding-dinding berkembang, bentuk topi menjadi bentuk lonceng. epithelium enamelum internum : selO-sel menjadi kolumner, enameloblastus, yang mampu membentuk bahan enamelum, berupa prisms enameli. stratum intermedium (antara kedua jertis epitel) dan reticulum stellatum mutlak diperlukan pada pembentukan enamelum. Reticulum stellatuin kelak kehilangan cairan antara set, mengeriput sebelum enamelum terbentuk. epithelium enamelum externum: set-sel pipih menjadi kuboid. Permukaan epitel melipat-lipat, di antara lipatan masuklah mesenchyma yang membawa kapiler darah untuk nutrisi. Kelak enamelum kehilangan kapiler ini.
Sebelum pembentukan enamelum, dentinoblastus membentuk dentinum,
sedangkan jaringan mesenchyma lain. dalam papilla dentalis membentuk pulps
primaria.
STRUKTUR GIGI DEWASA

Substansi gigi ada 2 macam:
- keras : dentimun, enamelum, dan cementum. - lunak : pulps dentis.

Dentinum, terbentuk oleh dentinoblastus pada usia embrio 5-6 bulan in utero. Set ini membentuk lanjutan-lanjtrtan panjang fibrillum dentalis (dulu serabut Tomes), yang mencapai junctio dentino-enameli (batas dentinum dan enamelum). Lanjutan ini menempati daerah jern h, ta7rpa garam mineral, yang dinamakan predentinum, yang makin meluas disertai pengapuran pada dentinum. Serabut Tomes sekarang terliurung oleh dentinum ICeras dalam papa - pipa, dinamakan tubules dentinalis Percabangan tubules disebut tubiculus dentinalis, Baling berhubungan; i1jung tubules dapat masuk enamelum. Bagian dentinum yang melapisi tubules Bering dinamakan selubung NEUMANN. Susunan kimiawi dentinum:
- senyawa organik (30%) : serabut kolagen, serabut Tomes, substansi perekat. - senyawa anorganik (70%): Ca-hidroksiapatit.
Dentinum-peka terhadap rangsang rabaan, suhu dan kimia, secara tidak merata dan individual. Diduga rangsang menjalar meiaiui serabut Tomes, aliran limfa dalam gigi dan sistem saraf.
Enamelum terbentuk sesudah dentinum oleh enameloblastus (ameloblastus), sel ini jugs membentuk lanjutan langsing yaitu fibriili enameli (prosesus Tomes). Pengapuran mulai di dekat dentinum. Fibrilli enameli berubah menjadi prisms enameli. Perribentulcan enameium berlangsung sampai gigi eruptio; kemudian di puncak gigi yang telah menerobos, tertinggal sisa enamelum berupa cuticula enameli (dulu disebut selaput NASMYTH).
Susunan kimiawi enamelum
- senyawa anorganik (98%) ; terkeras dalam tubuh : Ca-hidroksiapatit. - senyawa organik: keratinum.

Catatan : Pads sediaan gosok suatu gigi tampak garis - garis khas
- dalam dentinum : *garis-garis OWENS: terjadi karena pertumbuhan aposisi.
*proyeksi tubuli dentinalis : tipis.
- dalam enainelum : * lamina incrementalis atau garis RETZIUS garis-garis melengkung, cokiat, hash -pertumbuhan aposisi.

Cenientum, tediri alas 2 bagian pokok
- cementum noncellulare: merata di bagian daiam radix dentis, jernih.
- cemerrtum celluiare : di bagian 1/3 bagian puncak radix dentis. Cementum dibentuk mesodermal oleh set mirip dentinoblastus: cementoblastus yang akan menjadi cementocytus, yang kelak sesudah pengerasan, terjebak dalam lacuna seperti set tulang.
1{ungsi : Terutaina mekanis, tempat melekat alai - alai penggantung gigi. Snsunan kimiawi : Serupa dentinum atau tulang (j-uga ads fibrae perforantes).

Pulps dentis : Jaringan ikat dengan unsur serabut, fibroblastus, histiocytus, dan set pengembara. Pulps mengisi
- cavum coronale dentis di corona.
- eanalis radicis dentis yang mempunyai lobang pads apex radicis dentis sebagai foramen apicale dentis, dilalui oleh: * Pembuluh darah dan limfa : berakhir pads dentinoblastus. * Saraf : berakhir di plexus subdenti.noblastus.
Sel pulpa dentis dinamakan : pulpocytus.

Ginggiva : Bagian lunak ini terdiri atas
- pars libera: bagian bebas.
- pans fixa : bagian melekat.
Tunics inucosa diiengkdpi dengan epithelium s#ratificatum squamosum. lamina propria berisi jaringan ikat yang memiliki papillae banyak. Tunics mucosa melekat erat pads periosteum rahang. Epithelium sendiri dengan bantuan kutikula (menyerupai membrana basalis tebal) melekat pads enamelum. Sel - sel epitel melekat pads kutikula melaiui hemidesrnosom.
Membrana periodontalis, merupakan periosteum milik alveolus dentis. Jaringan ikat kolagen padat ini, mengirimkan fibrae perforantes ke dalam cementum. Serabut kolagen di sini selalu diperbaharui.

Gambar 29. Skema gigi dewasa
B. OESOPHAGUS atau ESOPHAGUS
Merupakan tabung muskuler yang berfungsi untuk transportasi makanan dari mulut ke lambung. binding esophagus terdiri dari (Gambar 30)
Tunica mucosa: - epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornieicatum.
- lamina propria Pada oesophagus bagian distal, di jumpai glandula cardiaca oesophagei, dengan porno terminalis berbentuk tubulus.
Tela submucosa, dengan glandula oesophagea propria bersifat glandula mucosa, porno
terminalis berbentuk tubuloalveolus. Tunica muscularis
- di bagian proximal : otot seran lintang. - di bagian distal : otot polos.
- di bagian tengah : campuran otot seran lintang dan otot polos. Tunica adventitia : jaringan ikat longgar.
C. VENTRICULUS atau GASTER
Terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu: cardia, corpus, dan fundus.
Tunica mucosa:
- epithelium simplex columnare.
- banyak mengandung lekukan: foveolae gastricae, tempat muara glandulae gastricae.
Tela submucosa : jaringan ikat longgar dengan pembuluh darah dan limfa. Tunica muscularis, berkas otot berjalan spiral
- lapisan luar membujur.
- lapisan tengah serong.
- lapisan dalam xnelingkar.
Tunica serosa, jaringan longgar dilapisi mesothelium.

Cardia, Lamina propria mengandung glandula cardiaca, mirip dengan glandula cardiaca oesophagei.
Corpus dan fundus, Lamina propria penuh dihuni oleh glandula gastrica (propria), tubuloramosa, bermuara di dasar foveola gastrica. Kelenjar mempunyai 3 bagian: a. mucocytus:
- Pada isthmus, kolumner, selapis.
- Pada cervix: bentuk tidak teratur, nucleus di dasar sel.
b. exocrinocytus principalis, di bagian corpus dan fundus dengan: - granula zymogeni berisi {epsinogen.
- re#iculum endoplasmicum granulosum banyak, sel menjadi basofil. - pada manusia menghasilkan pepsin dan lipasa.
c. exocrinocvtus parietalis, terutama di isthmus dan cervix.
- bentuk: bulat atau piramidal, terdesak ke arah dasar.
- cytoplasma eosinofil, tanpa butir zymogen, mitochondria banyak. - fungsi : * menghasilkan HCL.
'~ pada manusia menghasilkan "faktor intristik" yang berguna amok absorps vitamin B 12.
Pada pemeriksaan radioautography menunjukkan bahwa sel parietal merupakan tempat produksi faktor intrinsik. Faktor mi berikatan dengan vitamin B 12 agar supaya vitamin B 12 dapat dimasukkan ke dalam sel mukosa
uses secara pinositosis. Dengan demikian kekurangan faktor intrinsik dapat menyebabkan defi iensi vitamin B12 sehingga dapat menyebabkan anemia pernisiosa.
d. endocrinocytus gastrointestinalis, dine terkenal sebagai argentaffinocytus atau argyphilocytus. Sekarang disebut seperti tersebut B atas karma jenis sel ini jugs dijumpai di bagian lain intestinum. Jumlah sedikit, di fundus terdapat antara exocrinocytus print pans, terdesak ke Briar. Sel menghasiikan 5 hidroksitriptamin yang belum jelas Tongs inya_
:Pylorus:
Lamina propria mengandung glandula vylorira dengan struktur serupa glandula cardiaca, ha3aya lebih pas*", berkeJDk:kClDk, berm,jara _pads Briar foveola gastrica yang dalam_

D JNTFST71YiIM TENITE
Bagian ini tersusun oleo duodenum, jejunum, dan ileum, dengan pola struktur yang hampir serupa.
Tunics mucosa : Pads- berbagai temp bersamaa dengan xela cubn313caea, mcmlentuk plicae circulares.
1. Epitbelimm, tersusuno1Ph .bexL?agni 3enis sel
K epitheliocvtns cn3nmnaris; tEp-j peinvkaan di:lengkapj dengan limbus striates yang mengandung enzzln disachari. Dengan EM, llxnbus striates tampak sebagai uilli_kecil Aisebut _m-irrnvili Plicae -circuiari (plica Kerkringi; valvula conniventes) menghasitkan tugs permukaan mucosa uses -+ 3X lipat. 1?ada plica ixri #umbub Wli :irdestixialis, rncnrpakan torrjnlan mucosa yang diikuti tunics propria; yang dapat -meningkatkan-Jnas nerm.»kaan -m13cflsa 1><~us ± 3OX lipai. sedang pads permukaan sel mucosa, terdapat microvilli yang dapat meningkatkan leas pErmlakaan xnucosa usu ±?l1 X lips#, Dane dEnaikian, adanyaa ketiga hangman tersebut diatas, leas permukaan mucosa ditingkatkan ± 600 X lips#.
b_ epitllel-iocytus calicifiarmis: -pads duodenum jarang, makin ke distal makin banyak. Set ini menghasilkan metro, suatu glikoprotein untuk meanbasabi perrnukaara irxtestinurn, bereaksi PAS :positif. Set tersebut berbentuk piala sehingga disebut sel piala (goblet cell).
c. endocrinocvtus gastrointestinalis atau argentaffinocytus, makin ke distal makin banyak, lnengha ilkan 5-bidroksitriptamin, yang mempengaruhi kegiatan otot polos uses.
d- exocrinocytus cum granulis acidophilis, dine dinarrlakan sel Paneth : terletak di bagian basal crypts (glandula) antestinalis. Sel mengandung butir-butir asidofil; diduga penghasil enzim lisozim.
2_ Lamina pra0a, jaringan ikat longgar dengan pembuluh dash, limfa, saraf Ban
otot polos. Lapisan otot pads duodenum terputus - putus oleh glandula deodenalis
(Brunner) sedangkan di ileum oleh noduli lymphatici aggregati (plaques Peyeri), Vines intestinalis: tonjolan dibentuk oleh epitel Ban lamina propria. Diantara villi terdapat muss crypts {t landulae} intestinalis.
Tela submucosa:
- di duodenum, mengandung gl andulae subiuucosalis (BRUNNER) yang: * berbentuk tubulo-ramosa dengan inucocytus. * berrnuara pads glandulae (crypts) mtestinalis.

- mengandung pembuluh darah, limfa, anyaman saraf plexus neryorom submucosa (MEISSNER) , noduli lymphatici solitarii. Pada ileum terdapat noduli lymphatici aggregati (lempeng PEYER).
Tunica muscularis, diantara kedua lapis otot ada plexus nervosum myentericum (AUERBACH). Tunica serosa, jaringan ikat longgar dilapisi oleh mesothelium.

E. INTESTINUM CRASSUM
Tunica mucosa : licin, tanpa plica, kecuali pada rectum, yang dinamakan columna rectalis (MORGAGNI).
- epitheliacytus columnaris, villi intestinalis tidak ada lagi. Crypta (glandulae)
intestinalis panjang, mengandung : * exocrinocytus caliciformis: banyak.
* argentaffinocytus: sedikit.
- lamina propria, banyak lymphocytes dan noduli lymphatici yang sexing menembus
lamina muscularis mucosae mencapai tela submucosa.
Tunica muscularis, stratum longitudinale tersusun dalam 3 berkas membujur. Ada berkas mengelompok membentuk pita taenia coli di luar.

APPENDIX VERMIFORMIS:
Sebagai tonjolan CAECUM dengan lumen sempit, ireguler, karma dindingnya penuh noduli lymphatici. Struktur dinding menyerupai intestinum crasum, hanya lebih pendek, tanpa taenia coli dan mengandung sedikit cr~,pta intestinalis.


GLANDULAE DIGESTORIA
Kelenjar pembantu pencernaan, menurut lokasi kelenjar, dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok besar:
l . kelenjar yang terdapat di dalam dinding saluran pencernaan.
2. kelenjar di luar saluran pencernaan yang berhubungan dengan saluran pencernaan melalui saluran kelenjar.
Yang dibicarakan di sini adalah kelompok kedua. Kelompok kesatu sudah dibicarakan pada pembahasan bagian saluran pencernaan masing - masing.
Kelenjar pencernaan yang berhubungan dengan saluran pencernaan dengan perantaraan ductus dikelompokkan menjadi empat, yaitu:
A. Glandulae salivariae C. Hepar
B. Pancreas D. Vesica fellea.

A. GLANDULAE SAL IVARIAE
Kelenjar ludah dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok besar
1. Glandulae salivariae minores terdapat di dalam dinding alat tambahan dalam rongga mulut.
Termasuk ini: - glandulae labiales.
- glandulae buccales.
- glandulae molares.
- glandulae palatinae.
- glandulae linguales.
Kelenjar tersebut diatas tidak dibicarakan di sini, kecuali glandula palatina. Glandula palatina, terletak di palatuin, dilapisi epitel pipih berlapis. - portio terminalis : terdiri atas inucocytus murni.
2. Glandulae salivariae majores:
Struktur umum:

a. capsula mempercabangkan septa yang meinbagi kelenjar menjadi lobuli. Kelenjar terdiri atas kesatuan morfologis dan fungsional : adenomerus, terdiri atas
porno terininalis : dilengkapi dengan mucocytus, atau/dan serocytus dan semiluna serosa.
ductus intercalates.
ductus striates: dalam lobules saluran disebut ductus intralobularis. Dada waktu berjalan di dalam lobuli, saluran inenjadi ductus intralobularis untuk datang di antara lobi menjadi ductus anterlobularis dan alchirnya meninggalkan kelenjar sebagai ductus glandulae.
b. myoepitheliocytus sel kontraktil terdapat di dasar porno terminalis dan
ductus intercalates.
Jenis:
a. glandula paroridea
- porno terminalis: * berbentuk acinoramosus.
* terdiri atas serocytus : sekret bersifat serus. b. glandula submandibularis
- porno terminalis: * berbentuk tubuloacinus ramosus.
* terdiri atas campuran mucocytus dan. serocytus. Serocytus terdesak oleh mucocyti, berkelompok berbentuk bulan sabit semiluna serosa (demiluna Gianuzzi)
c. glandula sublingualis
- porno terminalis: * berbentuk tubuloacinus ramosus.
* terdiri atas mucocytus dan serocytus, semiluna serosa. Jumlah mucocytus lebih banyak daripada serocytus.

B. PANCREAS
Kelenjar yang terbungkus capsula ini terdiri atas 2 bagian pokok: 1. pars exocrina:
struktur hampir menyerupai glandula parotidea.
tersusun oleh acinus yang terdiri atas serocyti, disebut acinocytus. Bagian apeks sel berisi granulum zymogeni.
ductus intercalates mencapai pusat acinus dan di sini sel-sel ductus ini menjadi epitheliocytus centroacinosus.
Epitel ini membatasi rongga di pusat acinus, yang kelak melanjuikan diri sebagai rongga ductus intercalates, ductus intralobularis dan ductus interlobularis.
pada manusia sekret mengandung trypsinogen, chyinotripsinogen, carboxy_peptidasa, ribonucleasa, deoxyribonucleasa, lipasa dan aniylasa. 2. pays endocrina: lihat Bab Glandulae Endocrinae.

C. HEPAR
Hepar tersusun oleh satuan, disebut lobules hepaticus dengan sifat - sifat: bentuk: prisma polygonal.
mengandung hepatocytus yang tersusun seperti lempeng radial; l.empeng - lempeng menuju ke pusat lobules yang ditempati vena centralis. Lempeng - lempeng Baling beranasatomosis semaunya. Di antara lempeng ada vasa sinusoidea:

• Binding : dilapisi endothelium fenestratum selapis. Antara endotheliocyti juga terdapat celah - celah.
• endotheliocytus Bipisahkan dari Binding hepatocytus oleh ceTah : spatium perisinusoideum (DLSSE) Semua rongga berisi darah. Balk endotheliocytus maupun sinusoid mengandung sel makrofag, terkenal dengan narna reticulo endotheliocytus stellatus.
canaliculus bilifer terdapat antara sel hepar, dibatasi oleh membran sel hepar Ban
menuju ke ductus interlobularis bilifer.
canalis portalis. ini merupakan daerah pada sudut lobulus hepaticus. Daerah ini mengandung bangunan tritunggal (trias hepatica) terdiri atas
• arteria interlobularis: cabang arteria hepatica.
• vena interlobularis: cabang vena portae hepatic.
• ductus interlobularis bilifer yang mengumpulkan empedu dari ductus bilifer, yang menerimanya Ban canaliculus bilifer.
Vasa lymphatica mengikuti semua bangunan tersebut. Fungsi : di dalam hepar berlangsung prows - prows penting, misalnya: - sintesis protein.
- sekresi empedu.
- penimbunan metabolit.
- detoksifikasi.
- glikoneogenesis.

D. VESICA BILIARIS (VESICA FELLEA)
Stntktur
- tunica mucosa : * epithelium colurnnare simplex.
* lamina propnia.
* melipat - lipat pada keadaan kosong membentuk plicae tunicae mucosae.
- tunica muscularis: otot polos, terbungkus jaringan ikat tebal.
- tunica serosa : jaringan ikat longgar dengan mesothelium, yang melanjutkan din membungkus hepar.
Fungsi : menyimpan empedu (bilus) Ban menyerap kembali air, sehingga cairan empedu inenjadi lebih pekat.
t

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